The indigenous religion of Japan, Shintō, coexists with various sects of Buddhism, Christianity, and some ancient shamanistic practices, as well as a number of “new religions” (shinkō shukyō) that have emerged since the 19th century. Early in the 20th century it was recognized that larger geographic divisions were needed. In the 8th century Buddhism was adopted as the national religion, and national and provincial temples, nunneries, and monasteries were built throughout the country. Each rural settlement has at least one shrine of its own, and there are several shrines of national significance, the most important of which is the Grand Shrine of Ise in Mie prefecture. The villages of Hokkaido are based on commercial agriculture, and each household has direct contact with a nearby town. As the empire’s frontier shifted to the northeast, Kantō came to signify the region to the east of the Hakone Barrier (a pass near the town of Hakone), and Kansai gradually came to include limited areas near the capital of Kyōto as far as Ōsaka and present-day Kōbe.

In addition, planners have come to refer to the string of industrialized and urbanized areas along the Pacific seaboard between Kantō and northern Kyushu as the Pacific Belt Zone (Taihei-yō Beruto Chitai). After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate (1603), Christians were persecuted, and Christianity was totally banned in the 1630s. Inaccessible and isolated islands and the peninsula of western Kyushu continued to harbor “hiding Christian” villages until the ban was lifted by the Meiji government in 1873. Christianity was reintroduced by Western missionaries, who established a number of Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant congregations. Christianity was introduced into Japan by first Jesuit and then Franciscan missionaries in the mid- to late 16th century. Most of the major Buddhist sects of modern Japan, however, have descended from those that were modified in the 13th century by monks such as Shinran, who established an offshoot of Pure Land (Jōdo) Buddhism called the True Pure Land sect (Jōdo Shinshū), and Nichiren, who founded Nichiren Buddhism. Thus, it is typical for one person or family to believe in several Shintō gods and at the same time belong to a Buddhist sect. On the other hand, many Japanese homes contain a Buddhist altar (butsudan), at which various rituals-some on a daily basis-commemorate deceased family members.

A sprite (Japanese yōsei), the kijimunaa resembles a short young boy and features bright red hair. Care was always taken to include various physical features in the larger administrative units so as to create a well-balanced geographic whole. In the villages, many features that are in common with those of other Asian villages are well preserved. The more remote settlements send out seasonal laborers during the winter months, though outright migration to urban centers is now more common. Religion uses these emotions to sell you something, just like politics does: They use emotions as arguments, side-stepping the much larger part of the brain reserved (if you insist, god given) for reasoning it out. From delicate hand-blown glass ornaments inspired by Michelangelo’s frescoes in the Sistine Chapel to meticulously handcrafted replicas of Renaissance-era sculptures like Michelangelo’s Pietà or Bernini’s Baldacchino – each item tells a story of craftsmanship and dedication. The blue, green and yellow chips glitter like diamond as sun rays fall on them. Damien, Mark. “The Fall of Rome.” Utah State Department of History. The Qu’raan is a living miracle in the Arabic language; and is known to be inimitable in its style, form and spiritual impact. I’m not spiritual at all.

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