Surprisingly, none of the Holy Scriptures talk about the beginning of the religion. Many Christian beliefs and religious practices are baffling to Jews and Muslims, from the Holy Trinity and the veneration of saints to the role of Jesus as the Son of God. Braunfeld v. Brown (1961): The Supreme Court upheld a Pennsylvania law requiring stores to close on Sundays, even though Orthodox Jews argued the law was unfair to them since their religion required them to close their stores on Saturdays as well. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971): This Supreme Court decision struck down a Pennsylvania law allowing the state to reimburse Catholic schools for the salaries of teachers who taught in those schools. This broke with European tradition by allowing people of any faith (or no faith) to serve in public office in the United States. A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá’í Faith. Among the immigrants from South Asia there are also followers of the Ahmadiyya faith.

When she applied for unemployment compensation, a South Carolina court denied her claim. But the claim that the existence of Caterus’s lion and Gaunilo’s island can be established in this way is absurd, and thus the same holds for the theistic ontological argument. This system of checks and balances all but guarantees gridlock, but also ensures that no individual president or majority party can act with impunity. In 1785, Virginia statesman (and future president) James Madison argued against state support of Christian religious instruction. Religious Liberty: Landmark Supreme Court Cases; Bill of Rights Institute. Most names of the Bible look like they’re scrambled, so if you score big on this biblical challenge, you deserve major bragging rights. Madison would go on to draft the First Amendment, a part of the Bill of Rights that would provide constitutional protection for certain individual liberties including freedom of religion, freedom of speech and the press, and the rights to assemble and petition the government. This Supreme Court case established the “Lemon Test” for determining when a state or federal law violates the Establishment Clause-that’s the part of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from declaring or financially supporting a state religion. Lutherans, the second largest Protestant group, lived for the most part in the Latvian and Estonian republics.

Mormons, led by Joseph Smith, clashed with the Protestant majority in Missouri in 1838. Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs ordered that all Mormons be exterminated or expelled from the state. Adam, Idris (Enoch), Nuh (Noah), Hud, Saleh, Ibrahim (Abraham), Isma’il (Ishmael), Ishaq (Isaac), Lut (Lot), Ya’qub (Jacob), Yousef (Joseph), Shu’aib, Ayyub (Job), Musa (Moses), Harun (Aaron), Dhu’l-kifl (Ezekiel), Dawud (David), Sulaiman (Solomon), Ilias (Elias), Al-Yasa (Elisha), Yunus (Jonah), Zakariyya (Zachariah), Yahya (John), ‘Isa (Jesus) and Muhammad (pbuh), all were prophets of Islam mentioned in the Qur’aan and by Muhammad (pbuh). When the rival Chancas attacked circa 1438, Viracocha Inca retreated to a military outpost while his son, Cusi Inca Yupanqui, successfully defended Cusco. Bolstered by the military capabilities of two uncles, Viracocha Inca defeated the Ayarmaca kingdom to the south and took over the Urubamba Valley. However, they did not truly become an expansive power until the eighth emperor, Viracocha Inca, took control in the early 15th century.

The Inca began expanding their land holdings by the reign of their fourth emperor, Mayta Capac. According to some versions of their origin myths, they were created by the sun god, Inti, who sent his son Manco Capac to Earth through the middle of three caves in the village of Paccari Tampu. Cusi Inca Yupanqui – who soon took the title Pachacuti – became one of the Inca’s most influential rulers. It’s no wonder that ancient peoples first gawped at the perceived power of alchemists, and later, as more refined scientific methods took hold, began to mock them. Although Tawantinsuyu was comprised of more than 100 distinct ethnic groups among its 12 million inhabitants, a well-developed societal structure kept the empire running smoothly. Known as Tawantinsuyu, the Inca state spanned the distance of some 2,500 miles, from northern Ecuador to central Chile, and at its peak consisted of 12 million inhabitants from more than 100 different ethnic groups.