The phrase ‘clash of civilisations’ came to popular prominence in 2001 as a way to interpret the 9/11 attacks as a conflict between Islam and the West. The word Islam means “submission” or “surrender,” as its faithful surrender to the will of Allah. Understanding them will help us better understand an ever more complex and divided world. Suppose God tells Moses, among other things, that Jeanie will make a cup of tea tomorrow. Daily newspaper Jyllands-Posten responded by asking 40 illustrators to make drawings of Muhammad. They also called on the spirits to help the tribe asking for assistance in areas such as healing, good weather, and help in battle. Accordingly, an alternative approach to that of Huntington came from a United Nations consultative group known as the World Public Forum, which began an initiative in 2002 called the Dialogue of Civilizations. Rev. Haggins has had a successful professional career with the Virginia Beach City Public School System and the Norfolk Public School System.

Before deciding on a specific learning path, research the positions you hope to pursue and align your coursework with your career goals. His research interests are related to themes of religion and international development, religion and foreign policy and the IR discourse on post-secularism. Although it is worth noting that the administration of George W. Bush did not apply the notion in the way Huntington proposed, scholars were using the phrase well prior to 9/11 and today its applications vary considerably, from commentary on Turkish politics to describing the tension of multicultural policy in Western regional cities. Noting that religio-cultural communities are often transnational rather than state-based, the Dialogue’s emphasis on ‘spiritual and cultural values’ helps to create an open-ended space for international cooperation beyond the defensive power interests of states. Applying the logic that we introduced at the start of this section, one answer is that elements of religion and culture contribute to both clash and dialogue, to both conflict and cooperation. New York Times v. United States was one of the biggest victories for the freedom of the press, one of the most overused – and increasingly, misunderstood – phrases in modern society. In a socialist or communist economic system, the owner of production is the state or the society, and the benefactor is the society.

Religious counselor: Offer counseling services that integrate spiritual perspectives to help individuals navigate personal and psychological challenges. Young boys would have to discover their own personal guardian spirit before they could become men. No one “discovered” it, archeological studies show humans have been living there for at least 150,000 years. First, it may be that those persons who do not believe are, for one reason or another, not ready to believe that God exists, perhaps because of emotional or psychological or other reasons. First, it encourages us to look closely at specific elements of religion and culture – as we have done in this chapter – instead of forcing such complex phenomena into a singular assumption about conflict or cooperation. Second, applying a ‘both/and’ logic requires us to consider specific examples of international relations – as we have attempted throughout the chapter – without stereotyping religious and cultural traditions by pinning them to singular events. Faith is an important part to drive your personality through the specific way in the specific direction. At the end of the Cold War, rather than assuming the continuation of a conflict-driven world as Huntington did, some saw the new world order as an opportunity to redesign the way international affairs was conducted.

With this hypothesis, Huntington still assumed that global politics would be shaped by conflict as much as the Cold War before it had been. Hopefully, you are convinced that understanding religious and cultural issues is necessary if you want to join some of the most important discussions about world politics today. ’. Thus, in stark contrast to the clash of civilisations assumption that religion and culture are causes of conflict, the Dialogue of Civilizations deploys the same broad elements as resources for building bridges between individuals and peoples in the development of sustainable peace and cooperation. Do religious and cultural elements of politics enable us to live together in cooperation or do they disconnect us in ways that lead to conflict? As James Clifford wrote, ‘“cultures” do not hold still for their portraits’ (1986, 10), and as such the influence of culture on individual and global politics requires precise thinking.