David Cazés mentions the existence in Tunisia of similar inheritance laws favoring converts to Islam. A law in 1656 gave Jewish or Christian converts to Islam exclusive rights of inheritance. This law was alleviated for the Christians as a concession to Pope Alexander VII but remained in force for Jews until the end of the nineteenth century. The Truce soon spread from France to Italy and Germany; the oecumenical council of 1179 extended the institution to the whole Church by Canon xxi, “De treugis servandis”, which was inserted in the collection of canon law (Decretal of Gregory IX, I, tit., “De treuga et pace”). Sanzaru Games was responsible for porting the collection to the Vita. The raids by Muhammad Ghori and his generals brought in thousands of slaves in the late 12th century, most of whom were compelled to convert as one of the preconditions of their freedom. During Sultan’s Mysorean invasion of Kerala, hundreds of temples and churches were demolished and ten thousands of Christians and Hindus were killed or converted to Islam by force. Where there were churches he destroyed them or converted them into mosques. Thus, in place of bells there were now muezzins. But now including most of the major rebel movements in the western Darfur region and the Sudanese south, democratic transition can continue with national unity.

Though the belief that pre-Islamic Arabs regularly practised female infanticide has become common among both Muslims and Western writers, few surviving sources are referencing the practice before Islam. Also, many people practice religion such as Buddhism without taking any membership of specific government organization. There have been numerous reports of executions of people for apostasy, particularly Muslims who have converted to Christianity. Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty, decreed Twelver Shiism to be the official religion of state and ordered executions of a number of Sunni intellectuals who refused to accept Shiism. The Byzantine historian Doukas recounts two other cases of forced or attempted forced conversion: one of a Christian official who had offended Sultan Murad II, and the other of an archbishop. Until the 20th century, Judaism was the only noticeable non-Christian religion having first appeared in historical records during the Norman Conquest of 1066. In fact, from 1290 to 1656, Judaism did not officially exist in England due to an outright expulsion in 1290 and official restrictions that were not lifted until 1656 (though historical records show that some Jews did come back to England during the early part of the 17th century prior to the lifting of the restriction).

Though not as “pure” as embryonic stem cells, due to environmental conditions that exist in the real world — ranging from air pollution to food impurities — adult stem cells are nonetheless garnering attention, if only because they don’t incite the same ethical debate as embryonic stem cells. The mental trauma due to captivity and slavery caused unransomed prisoners who had lost family, money, and friends to convert to Islam. The ninth guru of Sikhs, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was beheaded in Delhi on orders of Aurangzeb for refusing to convert to Islam. The rise of Taliban insurgency in Pakistan has been an influential and increasing factor in the persecution of and discrimination against religious minorities, such as Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and other minorities. A 2014 report by the Movement for Solidarity and Peace (MSP) says about 1,000 women in Pakistan are forcibly converted to Islam every year (700 Christian and 300 Hindu). Sikandar Butshikan (1394-1417) demolished Hindu temples and forcefully converted Hindus. Banda Singh Bahadur was offered a pardon if he converted to Islam. In a Mughal-Sikh war in 1715, 700 followers of Banda Singh Bahadur were beheaded. Judaism along with his followers in secrecy. His letter says that “The invaders endeavored to impose their impure religion on the populace, at all costs, intending to make the inhabitants followers of Muhammad”.

After the Siege of Nicaea (1328-1331) The Turks began to force the Christian inhabitants who had escaped the massacres to convert to Islam. In the 1998 Prankote massacre, 26 Kashmiri Hindus were beheaded by Islamist militants after their refusal to convert to Islam. The charges included forced conversion of Bengali Hindus to Islam. In Persia, instances of forced conversion of Jews took place in 1291 and 1318, and those in Baghdad in 1333 and 1344. In 1617 and 1622, a wave of forced conversions and persecution, provoked by the slander of Jewish apostates, swept over the Jews of Persia, sparing neither Nestorian Christians nor Armenians. The Human Rights Council of Pakistan has reported that cases of forced conversion are increasing. Members of minority religions in Pakistan face discrimination every day. Membership includes a digital subscription to Contagion: Journal of Violence, Mimesis, and Culture through JSTOR (members may request a print copy by email if they are unable to access the journal electronically) and access to COV&R’s quarterly Bulletin.