Some identifiers for places of worship in many religions can be granth, golden temples, Sikh, bibles, candles, Jews, Arabic language, Masjid, and many other symbols or inclusions of religion. More than 70 percent of the world’s population identify with one of these five religions around the world. In 1913, she earned a doctorate in physics and went on to become one of just three women certified to teach the subject at a German university before World War II. So much time went into model-construction that the assumptions on which the models were based became an afterthought. This is an edited extract from Twilight of the Money Gods: Economics as a Religion and How it all Went Wrong by John Rapley, published by Simon & Schuster on 13 July at £20. However, if you think describing economics as a religion debunks it, you’re wrong. The failure of this grand narrative is not, however, a reason for students of economics to dispense with narratives altogether. Leontief thought that economics departments were increasingly hiring and promoting young economists who wanted to build pure models with little empirical relevance.

Like the Christian who attends church but doesn’t always keep the commandments, we behave as economic theory predicts only when it suits us. Christian religions or denominations that use churches can range from Catholic, Protestant, Non-denominational, and other different religions. The Irish have been known to describe their notionally Catholic land as one where a thin Christian veneer was painted over an ancient paganism. For decades, neoliberal evangelists replied to such objections by saying it was incumbent on us all to adapt to the model, which was held to be immutable – one recalls Bill Clinton’s depiction of neoliberal globalisation, for instance, as a “force of nature”. 127 For several decades, the CCP acquiesced or even encouraged religious revival. When the church retains its distance from power, and a modest expectation about what it can achieve, it can stir our minds to envision new possibilities and even new worlds. Even when they did empirical analysis, Leontief said economists seldom took any interest in the meaning or value of their data. Leontief wanted economists to spend more time getting to know their data, and less time in mathematical modelling. In his 1971 presidential address to the American Economic Association, Wassily Leontief counselled against the dangers of self-satisfaction.

Akerlof and Shiller contend that the idea that free markets work perfectly, and the idea that big government is the cause of so many of our problems, are part of a story that is actually misleading people into adjusting their behaviour in order to fit the plot. As the Nobel laureates George Akerlof and Robert Shiller write in their recent book, Phishing for Phools, marketers use them all the time, weaving stories in the hopes that we will place ourselves in them and be persuaded to buy what they are selling. The word ‘temple’ is frequently used as a broad term for a house of worship, the place of worship or a place to hold worship services. Buddhist temples are places for personal reverence, ancestor worship, meditation, and offerings for monks and the Buddha. The early maritime empire of Srivijaya on Sumatra served as a Buddhist learning center for Chinese monks in the seventh century. For example, Milton Friedman was one of the most influential economists of the late 20th century. 13,000 miles long and was built in the 14th century. He might well have remained a marginal figure had it not been that politicians such as Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan were sold on his belief in the virtue of a free market.

As al-Ghazali puts it, “every being which begins has a cause for its beginning; now the world is a being which begins; therefore, it possesses a cause for its beginning.” He then argues that it must be God who by free choice determines that the world comes to exist at the time it does, and we can thus conclude that God exists. This passage notes that those who put their trust in the Spirit, the only God, shall possess the land and they shall inherit the holy mountain. Areas in the church include the sanctuary, the most holy area; the nave, the main area where people sit; the altar, which is used for the ritual known as the Eucharist or Holy Communion. Religious sites can include places of worship or holy places, but they can vary in meanings for different religions. Some of the religions using places of worship are Hinduism, Judaism, Roman Catholic, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and many others. A church is a place where Christians assemble to worship God. A place of worship is a building or other place where people gather to carry out honor and religious praise.