For some, the Muslim is the natural and irreconcilable enemy of the Christian and the European; Islam is the negation of civilization, and barbarism, bad faith and cruelty are the best one can expect from the Mohammedans. ˹Remember˺ when they said ˹to one another˺, “Surely Joseph and his brother ˹Benjamin˺ are more beloved to our father than we, even though we are a group of so many. Atran, Scott; Henrich, Joseph (14 April 2015). “The Evolution of Religion: How Cognitive By-Products, Adaptive Learning Heuristics, Ritual Displays, and Group Competition Generate Deep Commitments to Prosocial Religions”. Rahnema, Ali (1 November 2005). Pioneers of Islamic Revival. Rahnema, Ali (2000). An Islamic Utopian – A Political Biography of Ali Shari’ati. Smith, Mark S. (2000). “El”. Established Somali communities are found in Bristol, Liverpool and London, and newer ones have formed in Leicester, Manchester and Sheffield. French word islamophobie, found in a thesis published by Alain Quellien in 1910 to describe “a prejudice against Islam that is widespread among the peoples of Western and Christian civilization”. When he wished to continue with it he found that the act of writing tired him (he was eighty-seven) and it was suggested, that he should dictate into a tape-recorder.

According to Erik Bleich, in his article “Defining and Researching Islamophobia”, even when definitions are more specific, there is still significant variation in the precise formulations of Islamophobia. There are a number of other possible terms which are also used in order to refer to negative feelings and attitudes towards Islam and Muslims, such as anti-Muslimism, intolerance against Muslims, anti-Muslim prejudice, anti-Muslim bigotry, hatred of Muslims, anti-Islamism, Muslimophobia, demonisation of Islam, or demonisation of Muslims. The causes of increase in Islamophobia across the world since the end of the Cold War are many. York, Michael. Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion. However, the Chinese Communist Party still remains explicitly atheist and religion is heavily regulated, with only specific state-operated churches, mosques and temples being allowed for worship. In recent years it has happened that Indonesians who published atheist worldviews on social networks were threatened by their local community and arrested by the police on charges of blasphemy; charges that can lead to imprisonment. The introduction of the term was justified by the report’s assessment that “anti-Muslim prejudice has grown so considerably and so rapidly in recent years that a new item in the vocabulary is needed”.

A 2007 article in Journal of Sociology defines Islamophobia as anti-Muslim racism and a continuation of anti-Asian, anti-Turkic and anti-Arab racism. Diane Frost defines Islamophobia as anti-Muslim feeling and violence based on “race” or religion. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) defines Islamophobia as “the fear of or prejudiced viewpoint towards Islam, Muslims and matters pertaining to them”, adding that whether “it takes the shape of daily forms of racism and discrimination or more violent forms, Islamophobia is a violation of human rights and a threat to social cohesion”. In their books, Deepa Kumar and Junaid Rana have argued that formation of Islamophobic discourses has paralleled the development of other forms of racial bigotry. Nonetheless, he argued that the term is here to stay, and that it is important to define it precisely. These early uses of the term did not, according to Christopher Allen, have the same meaning as in contemporary usage, as they described a fear of Islam by liberal Muslims and Muslim feminists, rather than a fear or dislike/hatred of Muslims by non-Muslims. Shryock, reviewing the use of the term across national boundaries, comes to the same conclusion.

One early use cited as the term’s first use is by the painter Alphonse Étienne Dinet and Algerian intellectual Sliman ben Ibrahim in their 1918 biography of Islam’s prophet Muhammad. The first recorded use of the term in English, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, was in 1923 in an article in The Journal of Theological Studies. Find out in advance if your new company mainly uses PCs or Macs, and if you’re not familiar with the operating system, try to get some training before your first day. Nixtun-Ch’ich, in modern-day Petén, Guatemala, had pyramids, temples and other structures arranged using a grid system, which demonstrates urban planning. Give me a heart of discernment to know when You are using someone to speak instruction into my heart and my circumstances, and give me the strength and courage to follow through with that advice, even when it’s hard. In Ninh Thuận Province, where most of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Bani (Muslim Cham) number close to 22,000. Out of the 22 villages in Ninh Thuận, 7 are Muslim.