Christians had also practiced their religion openly in Córdoba, and both Jews and Christians lived openly in Morocco as well. The Establishment Clause in the Constitution says that the government must not establish a state religion. The postindependence government implemented tax laws aimed at strengthening the market economy and encouraging foreign investment. While he did not impose Islam upon the foreign merchants, they were forced to pay triple the normal rate of poll tax. María Rosa Menocal, a specialist in Iberian literature at Yale University, has argued that “tolerance was an inherent aspect of Andalusian society”, and that the Jewish dhimmis living under the Caliphate, while allowed fewer rights than Muslims, were still better off than in Christian Europe. Christians under the Almohad rule generally chose to relocate to the Christian principalities (most notably the Kingdom of Asturias) in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, whereas Jews decided to stay in order to keep their properties, and many of them feigned conversion to Islam, while continuing to believe and practice Judaism in secrecy. Christian boys were seized and collected from their families (usually in the Balkans), enslaved, forcefully converted to Islam, and then trained as elite military unit within the Ottoman army or for high-ranking service to the sultan.

The Ottoman Empire and Morocco absorbed most of the Jewish and Muslim refugees, but a large majority of them remained in Spain and Portugal by choosing to be Conversos. Jewish conversos who still resided in Spain and frequently practiced Judaism in secret were suspected of being Crypto-Jews by the “Old Christians”. Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089-1164), who himself fled the persecutions of the Almohads, composed an elegy mourning the destruction of many Jewish communities throughout Spain and the Maghreb under the Almohads. Some Christians fled to the Christian kingdoms in the north and west and helped fuel the Reconquista. Many Jews fled from territories ruled by the Almohads to Christian lands, and others, like the family of Maimonides, fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands. Soon afterwards, sixty more Christian pilgrims from Amorium were crucified in Jerusalem. October 4: More than 500 die on the ground when the U.S. First we discovered atoms, then protons, neutrons and electrons, and finally quarks and leptons (more on those later). There is dispute amongst scholars as to whether Maimonides himself converted to Islam in order to freely escape from Almohad territory, and then reconverted back to Judaism in either the Levant or in Egypt.

Protestant missionaries entered Korea during the 1880s and, along with Catholic priests, converted a remarkable number of Koreans. After the Arab conquests, a number of Christian Arab tribes suffered enslavement and forced conversion. In the early eighth century under the Umayyads, 63 out of a group of 70 Christian pilgrims from Iconium were captured, tortured, and executed under the orders of the Arab Governor of Ceaserea for refusing to convert to Islam (seven were forcibly converted to Islam under torture). Those who converted had to wear clothing that identified them as Jews since they were not regarded as sincere Muslims. There were forced conversions in the 12th century under the Almohad dynasty of North Africa and al-Andalus, who suppressed the dhimmi status of Jews and Christians and gave them the choice between conversion, exile, and being executed. Then he forced most of the urban dhimmi population in Morocco, both Jewish and Christian, to convert to Islam. They will remain a religious minority, but by 2050, their population in India will exceed 310 million, making it the largest Muslim population in the world-roughly eleven percent of the global total. It has also been alleged that these same Hindu groups have used allurements to convert poor Muslims and Christians to Hinduism against their will.

The Portuguese rulers had implemented state policies encouraging and even rewarding conversions among Hindu subjects. The end of Al-Andalus and the expulsion of the Sephardic Jews from the Iberian Peninsula went hand in hand with the increasing amount of Spanish and Portuguese influence in the world, influence which was exemplified by the Christian conquest of the aboriginal Indian populations of the Americas. All persons above 15 years of age were compelled to listen to Christian preaching, failing which they were punished. The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. The often-overlooked second movie in the MCU was 2008’s “The Incredible Huk,” starring Ed Norton. The second document details the relief of Jewish community after his murder, and those who had been forced to convert reverted to Judaism. Cases of mass martyrdom of Jews who refused to convert to Islam are recorded. Jews traditionally do not pronounce it, and instead refer to God as HaShem, literally “the Name”.